Martin Luther: The Seeds of Reformation (c. 1505 – 1550s)
Martin Luther’s Reformation reshaped religion across the German lands. Learn how these changes shaped the roots of the PA Dutch.
The Wittelsbach Palatinate (c. 1214 – 1450 CE)
Wittelsbach rule made the Palatinate a powerful electorate at the heart of the empire. Learn how this era shaped the roots of the PA Dutch.
From Hohenstaufen to Wittelsbach: Dynasties of the Palatinate (c. 1125 – 1214 CE)
Rival dynasties turned the Palatinate into a powerful hereditary state in the empire. Learn how this shift shaped the roots of the PA Dutch.
From Otto to the Salians (c. 962 – 1214 CE)
Holy Roman rule along the Rhine shaped the Palatinate’s identity and regional power. Learn how this formed the roots of the PA Dutch.
East Francia and the Rise of The Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 CE – 962 CE)
East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire anchored the Palatinate in a German political world. Learn how this shaped the roots of the PA Dutch.
The Fall of Middle Francia (c. 843 CE – 950 CE)
The fall of Middle Francia tied the Palatinate to East Francia’s German sphere. Learn how this shaped the roots of the Pennsylvania Dutch.
Charlemagne’s Empire and the Division of Europe (c. 768 CE – 900 CE)
Charlemagne’s empire placed the Rhine at the center of emerging French and German worlds. Learn how this shaped the roots of the PA Dutch.
From Clovis to Charlemagne (c. 500 CE – 800 CE)
Frankish rule shaped the political and cultural roots of the Palatine Germans. Learn how this era laid the foundation for the PA Dutch.
Rise of the Franks and the Fall of Rome (c. 200 CE – 500 CE)
The fall of Rome and rise of Franks reshaped life for early Palatine Germans. Learn how this transition formed the roots of the PA Dutch.
The Roman Empire and Rhine Frontier (c. 55 BCE – 300 CE)
Roman rule along the Rhine shaped the frontier that defined early Palatine Germans. Learn how it helped form the roots of the PA Dutch.